The proteasome is responsible for caspase-3-like activity during xylem development.
Identifieur interne : 002881 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 002880; suivant : 002882The proteasome is responsible for caspase-3-like activity during xylem development.
Auteurs : Jia-Jia Han [République populaire de Chine] ; Wei Lin ; Yoshihisa Oda ; Ke-Ming Cui ; Hiroo Fukuda ; Xin-Qiang HeSource :
- The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology [ 1365-313X ] ; 2012.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Apoptose (MeSH), Arabidopsis (cytologie), Arabidopsis (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Arabidopsis (enzymologie), Caspase-3 (isolement et purification), Caspase-3 (métabolisme), Différenciation cellulaire (MeSH), Feuilles de plante (croissance et développement), Feuilles de plante (cytologie), Feuilles de plante (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Feuilles de plante (enzymologie), Inhibiteurs du protéasome (MeSH), Lactones (pharmacologie), Oligopeptides (pharmacologie), Paroi cellulaire (métabolisme), Peptide hydrolases (isolement et purification), Peptide hydrolases (métabolisme), Plant (croissance et développement), Plant (cytologie), Plant (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Plant (enzymologie), Populus (croissance et développement), Populus (cytologie), Populus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Populus (enzymologie), Proteasome endopeptidase complex (isolement et purification), Proteasome endopeptidase complex (métabolisme), Protéines végétales (isolement et purification), Protéines végétales (métabolisme), Tiges de plante (croissance et développement), Tiges de plante (cytologie), Tiges de plante (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Tiges de plante (enzymologie), Végétaux génétiquement modifiés (MeSH), Xylème (croissance et développement), Xylème (cytologie), Xylème (enzymologie).
- MESH :
- croissance et développement : Feuilles de plante, Plant, Populus, Tiges de plante, Xylème.
- cytologie : Arabidopsis, Feuilles de plante, Plant, Populus, Tiges de plante, Xylème.
- effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques : Arabidopsis, Feuilles de plante, Plant, Populus, Tiges de plante.
- enzymologie : Arabidopsis, Feuilles de plante, Plant, Populus, Tiges de plante, Xylème.
- isolement et purification : Caspase-3, Peptide hydrolases, Proteasome endopeptidase complex, Protéines végétales.
- métabolisme : Caspase-3, Paroi cellulaire, Peptide hydrolases, Proteasome endopeptidase complex, Protéines végétales.
- pharmacologie : Lactones, Oligopeptides.
- Apoptose, Différenciation cellulaire, Inhibiteurs du protéasome, Végétaux génétiquement modifiés.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Apoptosis (MeSH), Arabidopsis (cytology), Arabidopsis (drug effects), Arabidopsis (enzymology), Caspase 3 (isolation & purification), Caspase 3 (metabolism), Cell Differentiation (MeSH), Cell Wall (metabolism), Lactones (pharmacology), Oligopeptides (pharmacology), Peptide Hydrolases (isolation & purification), Peptide Hydrolases (metabolism), Plant Leaves (cytology), Plant Leaves (drug effects), Plant Leaves (enzymology), Plant Leaves (growth & development), Plant Proteins (isolation & purification), Plant Proteins (metabolism), Plant Stems (cytology), Plant Stems (drug effects), Plant Stems (enzymology), Plant Stems (growth & development), Plants, Genetically Modified (MeSH), Populus (cytology), Populus (drug effects), Populus (enzymology), Populus (growth & development), Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex (isolation & purification), Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex (metabolism), Proteasome Inhibitors (MeSH), Seedlings (cytology), Seedlings (drug effects), Seedlings (enzymology), Seedlings (growth & development), Xylem (cytology), Xylem (enzymology), Xylem (growth & development).
- MESH :
- chemical , isolation & purification : Caspase 3, Peptide Hydrolases, Plant Proteins, Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex.
- cytology : Arabidopsis, Plant Leaves, Plant Stems, Populus, Seedlings, Xylem.
- drug effects : Arabidopsis, Plant Leaves, Plant Stems, Populus, Seedlings.
- enzymology : Arabidopsis, Plant Leaves, Plant Stems, Populus, Seedlings, Xylem.
- growth & development : Plant Leaves, Plant Stems, Populus, Seedlings, Xylem.
- chemical , metabolism : Caspase 3, Cell Wall, Peptide Hydrolases, Plant Proteins, Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex.
- chemical , pharmacology : Lactones, Oligopeptides.
- Apoptosis, Cell Differentiation, Plants, Genetically Modified, Proteasome Inhibitors.
Abstract
Xylem development is a process of xylem cell terminal differentiation that includes initial cell division, cell expansion, secondary cell wall formation and programmed cell death (PCD). PCD in plants and apoptosis in animals share many common characteristics. Caspase-3, which displays Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD) specificity, is a crucial executioner during animal cells apoptosis. Although a gene orthologous to caspase-3 is absent in plants, caspase-3-like activity is involved in many cases of PCD and developmental processes. However, there is no direct evidence that caspase-3-like activity exists in xylem cell death. In this study, we showed that caspase-3-like activity is present and is associated with secondary xylem development in Populus tomentosa. The protease responsible for the caspase-3-like activity was purified from poplar secondary xylem using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), Q anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. After identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), it was revealed that the 20S proteasome (20SP) was responsible for the caspase-3-like activity in secondary xylem development. In poplar 20SP, there are seven α subunits encoded by 12 genes and seven β subunits encoded by 12 genes. Pharmacological assays showed that Ac-DEVD-CHO, a caspase-3 inhibitor, suppressed xylem differentiation in the veins of Arabidopsis cotyledons. Furthermore, clasto-lactacystin β-lactone, a proteasome inhibitor, inhibited PCD of tracheary element in a VND6-induced Arabidopsis xylogenic culture. In conclusion, the 20S proteasome is responsible for caspase-3-like activity and is involved in xylem development.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05070.x
PubMed: 22680239
Affiliations:
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(enzymology)</term><term>Plant Stems (growth & development)</term><term>Plants, Genetically Modified (MeSH)</term><term>Populus (cytology)</term><term>Populus (drug effects)</term><term>Populus (enzymology)</term><term>Populus (growth & development)</term><term>Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex (isolation & purification)</term><term>Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex (metabolism)</term><term>Proteasome Inhibitors (MeSH)</term><term>Seedlings (cytology)</term><term>Seedlings (drug effects)</term><term>Seedlings (enzymology)</term><term>Seedlings (growth & development)</term><term>Xylem (cytology)</term><term>Xylem (enzymology)</term><term>Xylem (growth & development)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Apoptose (MeSH)</term><term>Arabidopsis (cytologie)</term><term>Arabidopsis (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Arabidopsis (enzymologie)</term><term>Caspase-3 (isolement et purification)</term><term>Caspase-3 (métabolisme)</term><term>Différenciation cellulaire (MeSH)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (croissance et développement)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (cytologie)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (enzymologie)</term><term>Inhibiteurs du protéasome (MeSH)</term><term>Lactones (pharmacologie)</term><term>Oligopeptides (pharmacologie)</term><term>Paroi cellulaire (métabolisme)</term><term>Peptide hydrolases (isolement et purification)</term><term>Peptide hydrolases (métabolisme)</term><term>Plant (croissance et développement)</term><term>Plant (cytologie)</term><term>Plant (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Plant (enzymologie)</term><term>Populus (croissance et développement)</term><term>Populus (cytologie)</term><term>Populus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Populus (enzymologie)</term><term>Proteasome endopeptidase complex (isolement et purification)</term><term>Proteasome endopeptidase complex (métabolisme)</term><term>Protéines végétales (isolement et purification)</term><term>Protéines végétales (métabolisme)</term><term>Tiges de plante (croissance et développement)</term><term>Tiges de plante (cytologie)</term><term>Tiges de plante (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Tiges de plante (enzymologie)</term><term>Végétaux génétiquement modifiés (MeSH)</term><term>Xylème (croissance et développement)</term><term>Xylème (cytologie)</term><term>Xylème (enzymologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Caspase 3</term><term>Peptide Hydrolases</term><term>Plant Proteins</term><term>Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="croissance et développement" xml:lang="fr"><term>Feuilles de plante</term><term>Plant</term><term>Populus</term><term>Tiges de 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plante</term><term>Plant</term><term>Populus</term><term>Tiges de plante</term><term>Xylème</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="enzymology" xml:lang="en"><term>Arabidopsis</term><term>Plant Leaves</term><term>Plant Stems</term><term>Populus</term><term>Seedlings</term><term>Xylem</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="growth & development" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Leaves</term><term>Plant Stems</term><term>Populus</term><term>Seedlings</term><term>Xylem</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Caspase-3</term><term>Peptide hydrolases</term><term>Proteasome endopeptidase complex</term><term>Protéines végétales</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Caspase 3</term><term>Cell Wall</term><term>Peptide Hydrolases</term><term>Plant Proteins</term><term>Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Caspase-3</term><term>Paroi cellulaire</term><term>Peptide hydrolases</term><term>Proteasome endopeptidase complex</term><term>Protéines végétales</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Lactones</term><term>Oligopeptides</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Lactones</term><term>Oligopeptides</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Apoptosis</term><term>Cell Differentiation</term><term>Plants, Genetically Modified</term><term>Proteasome Inhibitors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Apoptose</term><term>Différenciation cellulaire</term><term>Inhibiteurs du protéasome</term><term>Végétaux génétiquement modifiés</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Xylem development is a process of xylem cell terminal differentiation that includes initial cell division, cell expansion, secondary cell wall formation and programmed cell death (PCD). PCD in plants and apoptosis in animals share many common characteristics. Caspase-3, which displays Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD) specificity, is a crucial executioner during animal cells apoptosis. Although a gene orthologous to caspase-3 is absent in plants, caspase-3-like activity is involved in many cases of PCD and developmental processes. However, there is no direct evidence that caspase-3-like activity exists in xylem cell death. In this study, we showed that caspase-3-like activity is present and is associated with secondary xylem development in Populus tomentosa. The protease responsible for the caspase-3-like activity was purified from poplar secondary xylem using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), Q anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. After identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), it was revealed that the 20S proteasome (20SP) was responsible for the caspase-3-like activity in secondary xylem development. In poplar 20SP, there are seven α subunits encoded by 12 genes and seven β subunits encoded by 12 genes. Pharmacological assays showed that Ac-DEVD-CHO, a caspase-3 inhibitor, suppressed xylem differentiation in the veins of Arabidopsis cotyledons. Furthermore, clasto-lactacystin β-lactone, a proteasome inhibitor, inhibited PCD of tracheary element in a VND6-induced Arabidopsis xylogenic culture. In conclusion, the 20S proteasome is responsible for caspase-3-like activity and is involved in xylem development.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">22680239</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>19</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1365-313X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>72</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2012</Year><Month>Oct</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Plant J</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The proteasome is responsible for caspase-3-like activity during xylem development.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>129-41</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05070.x</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Xylem development is a process of xylem cell terminal differentiation that includes initial cell division, cell expansion, secondary cell wall formation and programmed cell death (PCD). PCD in plants and apoptosis in animals share many common characteristics. Caspase-3, which displays Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD) specificity, is a crucial executioner during animal cells apoptosis. Although a gene orthologous to caspase-3 is absent in plants, caspase-3-like activity is involved in many cases of PCD and developmental processes. However, there is no direct evidence that caspase-3-like activity exists in xylem cell death. In this study, we showed that caspase-3-like activity is present and is associated with secondary xylem development in Populus tomentosa. The protease responsible for the caspase-3-like activity was purified from poplar secondary xylem using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), Q anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. After identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), it was revealed that the 20S proteasome (20SP) was responsible for the caspase-3-like activity in secondary xylem development. In poplar 20SP, there are seven α subunits encoded by 12 genes and seven β subunits encoded by 12 genes. Pharmacological assays showed that Ac-DEVD-CHO, a caspase-3 inhibitor, suppressed xylem differentiation in the veins of Arabidopsis cotyledons. Furthermore, clasto-lactacystin β-lactone, a proteasome inhibitor, inhibited PCD of tracheary element in a VND6-induced Arabidopsis xylogenic culture. In conclusion, the 20S proteasome is responsible for caspase-3-like activity and is involved in xylem development.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2012 The Authors. The Plant Journal © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Han</LastName><ForeName>Jia-Jia</ForeName><Initials>JJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lin</LastName><ForeName>Wei</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Oda</LastName><ForeName>Yoshihisa</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cui</LastName><ForeName>Ke-Ming</ForeName><Initials>KM</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fukuda</LastName><ForeName>Hiroo</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>He</LastName><ForeName>Xin-Qiang</ForeName><Initials>XQ</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2012</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>19</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Plant J</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9207397</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0960-7412</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007783">Lactones</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D009842">Oligopeptides</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010940">Plant Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D061988">Proteasome Inhibitors</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C099158">acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>155975-72-7</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C098869">clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.4.-</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010447">Peptide Hydrolases</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.4.22.-</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D053148">Caspase 3</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.4.25.1</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D046988">Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017209" MajorTopicYN="N">Apoptosis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017360" MajorTopicYN="N">Arabidopsis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000166" MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000201" MajorTopicYN="N">enzymology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053148" MajorTopicYN="N">Caspase 3</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002454" MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Differentiation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002473" MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Wall</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007783" MajorTopicYN="N">Lactones</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009842" MajorTopicYN="N">Oligopeptides</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010447" MajorTopicYN="N">Peptide Hydrolases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="Y">isolation & purification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018515" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Leaves</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000166" MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000201" MajorTopicYN="N">enzymology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000254" MajorTopicYN="N">growth & development</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010940" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018547" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Stems</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000166" MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000201" MajorTopicYN="N">enzymology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000254" MajorTopicYN="N">growth & development</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D030821" MajorTopicYN="N">Plants, Genetically Modified</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D032107" MajorTopicYN="N">Populus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000166" MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000201" MajorTopicYN="Y">enzymology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000254" MajorTopicYN="N">growth & development</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D046988" MajorTopicYN="N">Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="Y">isolation & purification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D061988" MajorTopicYN="N">Proteasome Inhibitors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D036226" MajorTopicYN="N">Seedlings</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000166" MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000201" MajorTopicYN="N">enzymology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000254" MajorTopicYN="N">growth & development</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D052584" MajorTopicYN="N">Xylem</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000166" MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000201" MajorTopicYN="Y">enzymology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000254" MajorTopicYN="N">growth & development</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2012</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2012</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2014</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22680239</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05070.x</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country><region><li>Pékin</li></region><settlement><li>Pékin</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Pékin</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Cui, Ke Ming" sort="Cui, Ke Ming" uniqKey="Cui K" first="Ke-Ming" last="Cui">Ke-Ming Cui</name><name sortKey="Fukuda, Hiroo" sort="Fukuda, Hiroo" uniqKey="Fukuda H" first="Hiroo" last="Fukuda">Hiroo Fukuda</name><name sortKey="He, Xin Qiang" sort="He, Xin Qiang" uniqKey="He X" first="Xin-Qiang" last="He">Xin-Qiang He</name><name sortKey="Lin, Wei" sort="Lin, Wei" uniqKey="Lin W" first="Wei" last="Lin">Wei Lin</name><name sortKey="Oda, Yoshihisa" sort="Oda, Yoshihisa" uniqKey="Oda Y" first="Yoshihisa" last="Oda">Yoshihisa Oda</name></noCountry><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Han, Jia Jia" sort="Han, Jia Jia" uniqKey="Han J" first="Jia-Jia" last="Han">Jia-Jia Han</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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